With a guttman scale, you have a set of statements so that a respondent who agrees with any specific statement in the list will also agree with all previous statements. The likert scale method was developed primarily for intensive psychological research. In likert scaling, all systematic variation in the responses to the items is attributed to differences. Likert scale questions, survey and examples questionpro. Likert scale points are the number of options or points that your likert scale has for each question or statement. Explored and explained article pdf available in current journal of applied science and technology 74. Robert warmbrod1 abstract fortynine percent of the 706 articles published in the journal of agricultural education from 1995 to 2012 reported quantitative research with at least one variable measured by a likert type scale. The likert scale is named after its creator, rensis likert, who developed it in 1932. Clemson university frequency 7 point 1 never 2 rarely, in less than 10% of the chances when i could have. The likert scale was named after its developer, rensis likert. In other words, each statement subsumes the lower order statements. In making questionnaires that use the likert scale, not just any type of question will suffice.
Technically, a likert item is a single question with likert responses, whereas a likert scale is a group of items viewed together as a single measure. This depends on the method that an entity will use to provide the questions to their target community. Interestingly, with computer technology, survey designers can create continuous measure scales that do provide interval responses as an alternative to a likert scale. Questionnaires can be written, printed, or digital. Likerttype scale response anchors peru state college. In its final form, the likert scale is a five or seven point scale which is used to allow the individual to express how much they agree or disagree with a particular statement. In likert survey forms, a number of options are given along with each question. Rob johns university of strathclydesqb methods fact sheet 1 march 2010 likert items and scales. Although there are technically three scales, when people refer to the thurstone scale theyre usually talking. For example, a scale designed to measure posttraumatic stress syndrome, presented below, was based upon the guttman technique and was published in the journal of clinical psychology 2328, 1984. Developed in 1932 by rensis likert1 to measure attitudes, the typical likert scale is a 5 or 7point ordinal scale used by respondents to rate the degree to which they agree or disagree with a statement table.
This video describes how to analyse likert data strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree. Rensis likert, a sociologist at the university of michigan, who developed the technique. Here likert scale will offer facts and figures analyzing the americans attitude towards others by giving you their degree of opinion. A questionnaire template is a tool usually used to provide a set of questions beneficial for data gathering, analysis, and research. Editorial analyzing and interpreting data from likerttype. It is a measuring scale or a tool used to determine the opinions, behaviors and perceptions of individuals or consumers. For example, if your likert scale includes the items. The likert scale is commonly used in survey research. Scale variance if item deletedexcluding the individual item listed, all other scale. A unipolar likert scale question type indicates a respondent to think of the presence or absence of a quality. Sample format 6 likert scale template in ms word excel word pdf doc xls blank tips.
What happened to the societies europeans came into contact with when they began to. Likert scale data, on the other hand, are analyzed at the interval measurement scale. Scale mean if item deletedexcluding the individual item listed, all other scale items are summed for all individuals 48 in our example and the mean of the summated items is given. In addition to measuring statements of agreement, likert scales can measure other variations. Thurstone scale, likert scale and semantic differential. For the explicit measure of identity, employees completed selenta and lords 2005. I would like a quick example of data analysis for a likert scale questionnaire, i will have two data sets from two groups that have answered the same questions. Almost everyone would recognise this type of survey. This scale is a method of measuring responses in survey research.
In fact, there is a format that must be followed in formulating the questions. One of the most common scale types is a likert scale. Learn about the most common types of questionnaire used in user. The data set associated with the likertlike and fuzzy rating scale responses to the posed items have been collected in the pdf file restaurants data. These ordinal scales measure levels of agreementdisagreement.
A likert scale is commonly used to measure attitudes, knowledge, perceptions, values, and behavioral changes. The questions should ask for an agreement or disagreement. Developing likertscale questionnaires jalt publications. In survey research, likert scales are the most commonly used type of scale. In table 2, the mean of the summated scores excluding item 2 is 25. A likert scale is used to rate each item on a response scale. A likert scale is a closeended, forcedchoice scale used in a questionnaire that provides a series of answers that go from one extreme to another. According to bissonnette 2007, likert scale was named after inventor, psychologist resins likert. In a likert scale survey respondents simply dont choose between yesno, there are specific choices based on agreeing or disagreeing on a certain question in the survey. Download sample survey questions likert scale for free. Pal1 1department of community medicine, gandhi medical college, bhopal, 462001, india.
The likert scale is named for its creator, american scientist rensis likert, who felt that surveys yielding only yesorno answers were limited in their usefulness. It is typically a five response category scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Sample scale used in likert scale questions origin. You may also see assessment questionnaire examples. The use of these guidelines can lead to the development of likertscale questionnaires that. It was developed by likert in 1932 and it was based on the principle of asking people to give their response by choosing among a series of statements concerning a given topic.
This question is the simplest likert scale question example where therell be just two option such as agree and disagree as two poles of the scale. His innovation was to make a statement instead of asking a question, and then ask respondents to rate the extent to which they agreed or disagreed with the basic statement. In an ordinal scale, responses can be rated or ranked, but the distance between responses is not measurable. Below are the two likert scales, the fourpoint and the fivepoint. Participants responded to all survey items using a 5 point likert scale from 1 strongly disagree to 5 strongly agree. Likert scales are widely used in surveys to have an. Examples of likert developing healthy communities dhc. Likert scale would be helpful when you need to study people and their behaviors. It is one of the most widely used question types in a survey. A likert template example would range from typical multiplechoice options which may include strongly agree, agree, no opinion, disagree and strongly. For instance, when parents complete pre andor post tests about a workshop, they are asked to answer each question by rating each item on a 1to5 response scale. Likert items and scales rob johns university of strathclyde 1. Use the horizontal and vertical lines to conform with other design elements, use the flow or social media sites inspire you to find a design you love and treat content with strong rhythm with the same design style strong. The original idea for the likert scale is found in rensis likerts 1932 article in archive of psychology titled a technique for the measurement of attitudes.
A typical scale could be strongly agree, unsureundecided, disagree, strongly disagree. Though many scales have been developed by psychologists to measure the attitude of people in a direct way, the likert scale is by far the best and most used scale. Likert scale is a psychometric scale where questions based on this scale are normally used in a survey. Usually a fivepoint scale of agreement like the following is used. It is the most widely used approach to scaling responses in survey research, such that the term or more accurately the likerttype scale is often used interchangeably with rating scale, although there are. A likert scale is the sum of responses to several likert items. Calculating, interpreting, and reporting cronbachs alpha. Somehow, because of how easy it is for respondents to answer, it is used by a lot of organizations to determine consumer behavior. Likerttype or frequency scales use fixed choice response formats and are designed to measure attitudes or opinions 2. How to use the likert scale in statistical analysis. The importance of a questionnaire is evident in a lot of processes as it allows entities to have an idea about the items and information that they would like to know. Reporting and interpreting scores derived from likert type scales j. A likert scale assumes that the strengthintensity of an attitude is linear, i.
A likerttype scale assumes that the strengthintensity of experience is linear, i. The likert scale questionnaire is a popular survey tool that is used in educational research, especially in the field of special education. For example, one could have several likert items with various questions about religious attitudes or behaviors, and then combine those items to a single likert scale on religiosity. It is a unidimensional scale to measure attitudes towards people. Since the beginning of likert scale in 1932, there have. Pdf likert scale is applied as one of the most fundamental and frequently used psychometric tools in. Examples of likert scaled responses used in datagathering a variety of methods are available to assist evaluators in gathering data. The ubiquitous likert item the question above, taken from the 2007 british social attitudes survey, is an example of a likert item. Likert scale definition, examples and analysis simply. This question will have two poles which are linked with intermediate agreement answer options. Likert scale examples for surveys iowa state extension. Developing the scale is time consuming and relatively complex compared to other scales like the likert scale.
The likert scale was invented by psychologist rensis likert. A thurstone scale has a number of agree or disagree statements. Each level on the scale is assigned a numeric value or coding, usually starting at 1 and incremented by one for each level. For example, a common unipolar scale includes the following choices. A typical item in a likert scale is a statement to which respondents rate their level of agreement. For example, each of the five or seven responses would have a numerical value which would be used to measure the attitude under investigation. We have a selection of questionnaire examples in pdf which you may all download in this post. Analyzing likert data the journal of extension joe. Odd likert scales are used when the survey creator intends to provide freedom to the respondents for the type of feedback that they provide. That purpose differs from, for instance, item response theory chapter 10, in which both respondents and items are scaled. Today likert type data have been used in many fields related to the social sciences. Subjects choose from a range of possible responses to a specific question or statement. It is the most widely used approach to scaling responses in survey research, such that the term or more accurately the likert type scale is often used interchangeably with rating scale, although there.
Likert scale was developed by likert in 1932 and it was based on the principle of asking people to give their response by choosing among available series of statements concerning a given topic or subject. Likert scale, rating system, used in questionnaires, that is designed to measure peoples attitudes, opinions, or perceptions. A likert type scale involves a series of statements that respondents may choose from in order to rate their responses to evaluative questions vogt, 1999. The most glaring example of this is the process of colonisation. In the second example above, the variable is the relative quality of education in faith schools, and the response scale should therefore run from much better to much worse via no different. Likert scale templates can be used to prepare good likert scale of a survey or research.
Population or f testing the scale has been validated in individuals aged 1859 years. A fourpoint likert scale is the first of the even scale options when doing a likert survey. Likert scale instrument questionnaire university of pretoria etd ramchander, p 2004. Introduction to spss part 5 example 4 analysing likert data. Likert scale definition, examples and analysis simply psychology. These items are usually displayed with a visual aid, such as a series of radio buttons or a horizontal bar representing a simple scale. Various kinds of rating scales have been developed to measure attitudes directly i. For example, a scale might have five choices that start at one end with strongly agree and end at the other with strongly disagree, with less extreme choices in the middle three points. Reporting and interpreting scores derived from likerttype scales. A likert item is a statement that the respondent is asked to evaluate in a survey. An example of interval data would be numbers of procedures done per resident. Then following the introduction is the concrete choices of the survey.
It is often used to measure the attitudes of respondents, asking them to what extent they agree or disagree with a particular question or statement. It was invented by rensis likert, an educator and psychologist, who advocated an employeecentered organization. Explored and explained ankur joshi1, saket kale2, satish chandel3 and d. A likert scale is a psychometric scale that has multiple categories from which respondents choose to indicate their opinions, attitudes, or feelings about a particular issue. Likert scale items are created by calculating a composite score sum or mean from four or more type likert type items. Since the inception of this psychometric scale, there have been several versions based on the. His original report entitled a technique for the measurement of attitudes was. A likert scale that offers agree and disagree as the polar points along with a neutral.